RNA’s Role as a Pathway between DNA and Proteins

Active with Kappa Delta Phi, the National Educational Fraternity, Mario Atoyan was a 7th grade science teacher with the Warwick Public Schools in Rhode Island. Focused on general sciences, Mario Atoyan has a broad range of knowledge and consistently earned ranking as one of his school’s best teachers.

In biology, one of the foundational building blocks is the polymeric molecule ribonucleic acid (RNA), which has roles that encompass gene coding, decoding, expression, and regulation. A nucleic acid that exists alongside DNA, it carries the information that passes on to succeeding generations through genetic inheritance.

The structure of RNA is that of a chain, with a nucleotide at each chain link’s center. These nucleotides contain a base, as well as a phosphate, and ribose sugar. While this structure is extremely similar to DNA nucleotides, the two types of nucleic acids have vastly different roles within cells.

The DNA contains genetic information, encoded within a linear sequence of bases, while the RNA functions as a pathway between DNA to proteins that carry out various structural and catalytic roles within the cell.

Through the process of transcription, a segment of DNA is copied and messenger RNA (mRNA) created. This RNA strand is read by a ribosome in the formation of various proteins. RNAs also have a critical role in the synthesis of proteins and the regulation of genes.

Written and published by Janet Atoyan, Mario Atoyan's wife.

Segmented mesocosms (n = 3) packed with sand, sandy loam or clay loam soil were used to determine the effect of soil texture and depth on transport of two septic tank effluent (STE)-borne microbial pathogen surrogates—green fluorescent protein-labeled E. coli (GFPE) and MS-2 coliphage—in soil treatment units. HYDRUS 2D/3D software was used to model the transport of these microbes from the infiltrative surface. Mesocosms were spiked with GFPE and MS-2 coliphage at 105 cfu/mL STE and 105–106 pfu/mL STE, respectively. In all soils, removal rates were >99.99% at 25 cm. The transport simulation compared (1) optimization; and (2) trial-and-error modeling approaches. Only slight differences between the transport parameters were observed between these approaches. Treating both the die-off rates and attachment/detachment rates as variables resulted in an overall better model fit, particularly for the tailing phase of the experiments. Independent of the fitting procedure, attachment rates computed by the model were higher in sandy and sandy loam soils than clay, which was attributed to unsaturated flow conditions at lower water content in the coarser-textured soils. Early breakthrough of the bacteria and virus indicated the presence of preferential flow in the system in the structured clay loam soil, resulting in faster movement of water and microbes through the soil relative to a conservative tracer (bromide).

Exploring Historic Pardon Gray Preserve in Rhode Island

An independent consultant with HealthCare Analytics, Mario Atoyan was previously a teacher in the Warwick Public Schools who taught seventh grade science. Taking advantage of the natural beauty that Rhode Island offers, Mario Atoyan enjoys long walks with his dog in his free time.

One of the most historic walks in the state is at Pardon Gray Preserve, a 230-acre tract managed by the Tiverton Land Trust that sits next to the Weetamoo Woods preserve. The trailhead for three interconnected trails that traverse the preserve is in the midst of active farmland, located by old stone walls and an original well house.

The trails take in a varied landscape of grassland and forests that slope gently toward a ridge, as well as lowlands that can be inundated with water during rainy seasons. A highlight is the Cemetery Trail, which initially passes a seasonal vernal pond that serves as home for local birds and amphibians.

The trail then passes through active farmland spanning 67 acres that is owned by the descendants of Pardon Gray. During the Revolutionary War, it was Gray who provisioned soldiers at Fort Barton with staples such as bread, supporting their efforts against the British.

This is not by Mario Atoyan.  I got this infomation from https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/focus/what.html.

What Is the U.S. Department of Education? 

The U.S. Department of Education is the agency of the federal government that establishes policy for, administers and coordinates most federal assistance to education. It assists the president in executing his education policies for the nation and in implementing laws enacted by Congress. The Department's mission is to serve America's students-to promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access.

In 2007-08, the Department's elementary and secondary school programs served approximately 55 million students (pre-K through grade 12) attending some 100,000 public schools and 34,000 private schools. Department programs also provided grant, loan and work-study assistance to about 10 million undergraduate students. *

When Congress created the Department in 1979, it declared these purposes:

1. to strengthen the Federal commitment to ensuring access to equal educational opportunity for every individual;
2. to supplement and complement the efforts of States, the local school systems and other instrumentalities of the States, the private sector, public and private educational institutions, public and private nonprofit educational research institutions, community-based organizations, parents, and students to improve the quality of education;
3. to encourage the increased involvement of the public, parents, and students in Federal education programs;
4. to promote improvements in the quality and usefulness of education through federally supported research, evaluation, and sharing of information;
5. to improve the coordination of Federal education programs;
6. to improve the management and efficiency of Federal education activities, especially with respect to the process, procedures, and administrative structures for the dispersal of Federal funds, as well as the reduction of unnecessary and duplicative burdens and constraints, including unnecessary paperwork, on the recipients of Federal funds; and
7. to increase the accountability of Federal education programs to the President, the Congress and the public. (Section 102, Public Law 96-88)

Mario Atoyan thanks you for reading this.

This is not Mario Atoyan’s own words. Mario Atoyan got this from https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/focus/what.htmlwebsite.

The U.S. Department of Education is the agency of the federal government that establishes policy for, administers and coordinates most federal assistance to education. It assists the president in executing his education policies for the nation and in implementing laws enacted by Congress. The Department’s mission is to serve America’s students-to promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access.

In 2007–08, the Department’s elementary and secondary school programs served approximately 55 million students (pre-K through grade 12) attending some 100,000 public schools and 34,000 private schools. Department programs also provided grant, loan and work-study assistance to about 10 million undergraduate students. *

When Congress created the Department in 1979, it declared these purposes:

1. to strengthen the Federal commitment to ensuring access to equal educational opportunity for every individual;
2. to supplement and complement the efforts of States, the local school systems and other instrumentalities of the States, the private sector, public and private educational institutions, public and private nonprofit educational research institutions, community-based organizations, parents, and students to improve the quality of education;
3. to encourage the increased involvement of the public, parents, and students in Federal education programs;
4. to promote improvements in the quality and usefulness of education through federally supported research, evaluation, and sharing of information;
5. to improve the coordination of Federal education programs;
6. to improve the management and efficiency of Federal education activities, especially with respect to the process, procedures, and administrative structures for the dispersal of Federal funds, as well as the reduction of unnecessary and duplicative burdens and constraints, including unnecessary paperwork, on the recipients of Federal funds; and
7. to increase the accountability of Federal education programs to the President, the Congress and the public. (Section 102, Public Law 96–88)

Mario Atoyan says thank you for reading.